Table 1. Muscle oxygenation at baseline, and changes during time trials and recovery. Values are means (±SE).
|
IPC |
NMES |
AR |
| [HHb], μm |
[THb], μm |
TSI, % |
[HHb], μm |
[THb], μm |
TSI, % |
[HHb], μm |
[THb], μm |
TSI, % |
| BSTT1 |
29.5 (1.4)‡ |
78.7 (3.2) |
70.4 (2.3) |
30.4 (1.5) |
79.4 (3.7) |
74.5 (3.3) |
31.1 (1.6) |
79.7 (4.2) |
68.4 (2.5) |
| BSTT2 |
30.2 (1.4) |
89.2 (3.7) |
78.1 (1.9) |
30.5 (1.6) |
91.4 (4.3) |
76.5 (1.2) |
30.4 (1.5) |
91.1 (4.4) |
77.3 (0.9) |
|
Muscle oxygenation changes during exercise and recovery (Δ) |
| %AO |
μm |
% |
%AO |
μm |
% |
%AO |
μm |
% |
| TT1 |
101(3)‡ |
10.3 (1.4) |
23.4 (2.5)† |
96(7) |
9.4 (1.8) |
27.1 (2.3) |
96(5) |
9.0 (1.7) |
24.3 (3.0) |
| R30 |
63.9 (5.4) |
18.4 (2.4) |
2.3 (3.4)† |
65.4 (7.0) |
18.3 (2.3) |
8.7 (4.0) |
59.0 (7.2) |
17.0 (2.4) |
3.4 (3.7) |
| R60 |
38.6 (4.1)‡ |
20.1 (2.4) |
-5.7 (3.0) |
37.3 (5.2)† |
21.4 (1.4) |
-1.0 (3.1) |
29.9 (5.6) |
18.2 (2.5) |
-5.9 (3.0) |
| R90 |
30.3 (3.9)†‡ |
21.1 (2.1) |
-7.9 (2.5)† |
23.8 (5.4) |
19.5 (2.1) |
-2.2 (2.7) |
19.8 (2.9) |
19.5 (1.7) |
-7.8 (2.6) |
| R120 |
26.5 (4.0)†‡ |
21.4 (2.3) |
-7.6 (2.7)† |
19.7 (5.6) |
19.7 (2.4) |
-3.3 (2.5) |
14.3 (3.3) |
19.5 (1.9) |
-8.8 (2.5) |
| TT2 |
103(4) |
13.3 (1.6) |
22.2 (3.3) |
102(9) |
12.9 (2.3) |
25.7 (2.8) |
98(4) |
13.7 (1.8) |
20.9 (2.8) |
| R30 |
67.1 (5.5) |
20.9 (2.7) |
3.2 (3.7) |
66.9 (8.4) |
22.9 (3.1) |
7.1 (3.2) |
59.5 (5.2) |
21.4 (2.4) |
1.8 (3.4) |
| R60 |
41.9 (4.8) |
25.3 (2.8) |
-5.8 (2.8) |
35.3 (5.5) |
24.5 (2.2) |
-1.2 (2.9) |
31.4 (5.1) |
23.7 (1.6) |
-7.0 (2.4) |
| R90 |
30.3 (3.7) |
24.4 (2.4) |
-8.2 (2.7) |
28.1 (5.9) |
26.0 (2.2) |
-2.9 (2.7) |
22.9 (3.6) |
23.9 (1.8) |
-8.6 (2.6) |
| R120 |
25.1 (3.6) |
23.3 (1.9) |
-8.6 (2.4) |
22.9 (5.2) |
24.4 (1.7) |
-3.0 (2.6) |
20.1 (4.8) |
24.2 (1.2) |
-8.5 (2.6) |
| % difference within conditions (TT2 compared to TT1) |
| ΔBS |
2.1%‡ |
13.3%** |
11.1%***† |
0.1% |
15.0%*** |
3.3% |
-2.0% |
14.6%*** |
13.6%*** |
| ΔTT |
2.0% |
33.8%* |
-9.0%*‡ |
5.5%* |
55.9%** |
-6.7% |
3.4% |
45.6%* |
-16.7%* |
| ΔR30 |
4.8% |
20.2%* |
34.4%† |
1.8% |
17.0% |
-20.2% |
3.6% |
22.3%* |
-59.5% |
| ΔR60 |
9.1%† |
31.2%**† |
-2.3% |
-11.2%* |
11.9%* |
-23.5% |
8.7% |
68.0% |
-17.5% |
| ΔR90 |
9.5%† |
15.5%*† |
-3.3% |
12.0% |
38.4%** |
-28.0% |
14.9%* |
23.3%* |
-10.3% |
| ΔR120 |
-15.3%*† |
13.1%*† |
-12.6% |
21.3%* |
31.6%** |
9.5% |
15.0% |
27.8%* |
2.9% |
Within-condition clear differences for changes (Δ: TT2 compared to TT1) are denoted as small (0.20-0.49, *), moderate (0.50-0.79, **), or large (≥0.80, ***). Between-condition clear differences for the TT1 and recovery period and for changes are denoted for IPC vs. NMES (†) or IPC vs. AR (‡). For small, moderate or large effects, symbols are presented in italics, bold, or underlined, respectively. Abbreviations : AR, active recovery; BS, baseline preceding TT (BSTT1, BSTT2); ES, effect size; [HHb], deoxy-hemoglobin; IPC, ischemic preconditioning; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; R(30 to 120), values after 30 to 120 sec of recovery; [THb], total haemoglobin; TSI, tissue saturation index; TT, time trial.