Table 2. Characteristics of Included Studies studying swimming performance (n = 11). Author (Year) Quality Assessment Subject Characteristics Age (Mean±SD) S&C Training Intervention Performance Measurements Outcome Measurements Karpinski et al (2020) 12 N=16: 16M National level EG: 20.2 ± 1.17 CG: 20.0 ± 1.9 Core strengthening training (6-week) EG: Core Strengthening Training CG: Normal Training 50m FC Swim Stroke Biomechanics SL & SR Gourgoulis et al (2019) 9 N=12: 12F Regularly trained and Moderate performance level Overall: 13.08 ± 0.9 In-water resistance training (11-week) EG: Resistance training with Water Parachute CG: Normal Training 50, 100, 200m FC Swim Stroke Biomechanics SL, SR, Mean Swimming Velocity Morais et al (2018) 8 N=27: 11M, 16F Regional/National Level Overall: 13.3 ± 0.85 In-water & dry-land S&C Training (34-week) 100m FC Swim Stroke Biomechanics SL, SF, & SV Muscle Strength Throwing Velocity Amaro et al (2017) 12 N=21: 21M National Level EG1: 12.7 ± 0.8 EG2: 12.7 ± 0.8 CG: 12.6 ± 0.8 Dry-land S&C training (6-week) EG1: Sets & Repetitions Training EG2: Explosiveness Training CG: Normal Training 50m FC Swim Muscle Strength Vertical Jump Ball Throwing Patil et al (2014) 11 N=60: 38M, 22F Competitive Level M: 14.7 ± 1.29 F: 13.4 ± 1.50 Core strengthening training (6-week) EG: Core Strengthening CG: Normal Swimming Training 50m FC Swim Stroke Biomechanics SR, SL, SV Muscle Strength Functional Core Muscle Strength Girold et al (2012) 11 N=24: 12M, 12F National Level Overall: 21.8 ± 3.9 Dry-land strength or Electrical Stimulation (ES) Training (4-week) EG1: Strength Training EG2: ES Training CG: Normal Training 50m FC Swim (Expressed in Mean Velocity) Stroke Biomechanics SL, SR Muscle Strength Extension Peak Torque Sadowski et al (2012) 4 N=26: 26M Regularly Trained Overall: 14.0 ± 0.5 Dry-land Power Training (6-week) EG: Power Training with Ergometer CG: Normal Training 25m FC Swim (Expressed in SV) Stroke Biomechanics SF, Distance Per Stroke Muscle Strength Isometric Shoulder Strength Test Tethered Swimming Force Garrido et al (2010) 7 N=25: 14M, 11F Competitive Level Overall: 12.08 ± 0.76 EG: 12.0 ± 0.78 CG: 12.18 ± 0.75 Combined Strength and Aerobic Training (8-week) EG: Strength Training CG: Normal Training 25m, 50m FC Swim (Expressed in SV) Swimming Biomechanics Active Drag, Drag Coefficient Muscle Strength 6RM Bench Press & Leg Extension Tests, CMJ & Ball Throwing Aspenes et al (2009) 10 N=20: 8M, 12F Regularly Trained EG: 17.5 ± 2.9 CG: 15.9 ± 1.1 Combined Strength and Endurance Training (11-week) EG: Maximal Strength and Endurance Training CG: Normal Training 50m, 100m, 400m FC Swim Stroke Biomechanics SL, SR, Maximum SV (**25m sprint) Muscle Strength Bilateral Shoulder Extension Measurement Tethered Swimming Force Girold et al (2007) 8 N= 21: 10M, 11F Regional/National Level Overall: 16.5 ± 3.5 Dry-land strength training OR resisted & assisted training (RAS) (12-week) EG1: Strength Training EG2: RAS Training CG: Normal Training 50m FC Swim Stroke Biomechanics SL, SR Muscle Strength Flexion & Extension Peak Torque Girold et al (2006) 10 N=37: 16M, 21F Competitive Level Overall: 17.5 ± 3.5 Resisted or Assisted sprint training (3-week) EG1: Resisted Training EG2: Assisted Training CG: Normal Training 100m FC Swim Stroke Biomechanics SR Muscle Strength Flexion & Extension Peak Torque Unit: m: meter. Abbreviations: CG: Control Group; CMJ: Countermovement jump test; EG: Experimental Group; ES: Electrical Stimulation; F: Female FC: Front Crawl (Freestyle); M: Male; RM: Repetition(s); RAS: Resisted & Assisted Training; S&C: Strength and Conditioning; SD: Standard Deviation; SF: Stroke Frequency; SL: Stroke Length; SR: Stroke Rate; SV: Swimming Velocity.