Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Author	Intervention	Start / Turn Performance	Biomechanical Parameters	Other Outcomes
Born et al (2020)	Maximal strength or vertical jump trainings (6-week) EG1: Maximal Strength Training EG2: Vertical Jump Training CG: N/A	Start Time to 5m (s): EG1: 1.60±0.14; 1.60±0.12 EG2: 1.62±0.07; 1.61±0.07 No sig. change in both EGs (p>0.05)	Peak resultant horizontal force (x body mass) (N): EG1: 1.15±0.19; 1.18±0.18 EG2: 1.30±0.18; 1.34±0.19 Sig change in EG2 only with moderate ES (p<0.05, ES: 0.23) no sig changed in other parameters (p>0.05)	Swim Time to 5m (s): EG1: 1.72±0.07; 1.68±0.09 EG2: 1.66±0.06; 1.64±0.07 Sig. improved in EG1 (p=0.03) for U17 Swimmers
Karpinski et al (2020)	Core strengthening training (6-week) EG: Core Strengthening Training CG: Normal Training	Start Performance: Reaction Time (s): EG: 0.80±0.03; 0.71±0.03 CG: 0.83±0.05; 0.79±0.04 Sig. improve in EG with very large ES (p=0.001, ES: 2.87) Sig. diff. between group after training (p<0.001) Time in the air (Flight time) (s): No sig. change in both groups (p>0.05) Dive angle (degree): No sig. change in both groups (p>0.05) Entry Distance (m): No sig. change in EG (p>0.05) Sig. change in CG (p=0.013) Turn Performance: Time 5m after flip turn (s): EG: 0.43±0.06; 0.34±0.06 CG: 0.50±0.11; 0.44±0.08 Sig. change in EG with lager ES (p<0.001; ES: 1.51) Sig. diff. between 2 groups after training (p<0.001)	Start Performance: Entry velocity (m/s): EG: 12.77±1.65; 13.34±1.47 CG: 13.99±2.87; 13.53±2.81 Sig improve in EG with small ES (p=0.021, ES=0.36) Turn Performance: Average velocity after the flip (m/s): EG: 11.77±1.68; 15.34±2.810 CG: 10.37±2.14; 11.58±2.11 Sig. change in both EG (p<0.001; ES: 1.54) & CG (p=0.026, ES: 0.57), with small or large ES Sig. diff. between 2 groups after training (p<0.001)	N/A
Rejman et al (2017)	Plyometric training (6-week) EG: Plyometric training CG: N/A	Temporal Parameters: Sig. improved in start & glide time (p<0.05) No sig. changes in Take-off & flight time (p>0.05) Spatial Parameters: Sig. change in Glide angle (p<0.01) No sig. changes in take-off, entry angles (p>0.05)	Average & Instantaneous Velocities: Sig. decreased in Take-off, Flight & Glide average & instantaneous velocities (p<0.05)	N/A
Rebutini et al (2016)	Plyometric long jump training (9-week) EG: Plyometric long jump training CG: N/A	N/A	Kinematic Parameters Displacement of Centre of Mass (m): Horizontal: 2.56±0.21; 2.74±0.4 Vertical: 1.49±0.05; 1.44±0.07 Sig change in both horizontal (p=0.032) & vertical axis (p=0.040) Take-off Velocity (m/s): Horizontal: 1.84±0.19; 2.14±0.21 Vertical: 0.39±0.46; 0.34±0.42 Resultant:1.93±0.18; 2.13±0.28 Sig. improved in horizontal (p=0.012) & resultant velocities (p=0.020) No sig. improvement in vertical axis (p=0.091) Entry Velocity (m/s): 1.84±0.30; 2.24±0.29 Sig. change in horizontal axis (p=0.010) Peak of Joint Angular Velocity (degree/s) Right Knee: 523.56±137.56; 600.82±181.17 Left Knee:558.23±120.18; 603.59±162.44 Left Hip: 421.71±78.55; 490.90±97.50 Sig. change in left (p=0.040) & right (p=0.022) knees & left hip (p=0.023) Rate of Torque Development (Nm/s): Knee: 427.45±116.86; 604.43±240.42 Hip: 585.66±220.07; 1217.27±512.28 Sig change in knee (p=0.021) & hip (p=0.010) Peak Torque (Nm) Knee: 148.71±44.43; 185.19±71.91 Hip: 266.08±75.64; 393.44±124.53 Sig change in both knee (p=0.042) & hip (p=0.010) Peak Force (N) Horizontal: 209.20±37.60; 223.70±33.80 Vertical: 837.00±152.50; 847.33±164.23 Resultant: 890.00±154.92; 920.90±176.90 Sig. change in horizontal axis (p=0.047) & resultant force (p=0.040) No sig. change in vertical axis (p=0.069) Impulse (Ns): 221.90±61.60; 242.50±60.90 Sig change after training (p=0.037) Angle of resultant force (Degree) 27.30±7.80; 22.20±10.30 Sig decrease after training (p=0.012)	N/A
Bishop et al (2009)	Plyometric training (8-week) EG: Plyometric training CG: Normal Training	Swim time to 5.5m (s): EG: 3.88±0.48; 3.29±0.47 CG: 3.94±0.39; 3.82±0.38 Flight Distance (Distance to head contact) (m): EG: 1.70±0.19; 1.83±0.19 CG: 1.57±0.13; 1.50±0.17 Flight time (s): EG: 1.32±0.09; 1.24±0.06 CG: 1.35±0.10; 1.38±0.20 Sig improve in EG (p<0.05) Sig diff. between EG & CG after training (p<0.05) Dive Angle (Degree): EG: 26.7±7.10;34.5±6.43 CG: 23.2±7.10; 27.6±7.29 Sig. improve in EGs (p<0.001) Entry Angle (Degree) EG: 42.3±7.33; 47.5±3.95 CG: 45.6±5.71; 48.0±7.49 Sig. improve in EGs (p<0.05)	Velocity from Take-off to head contact (m/s): EG: 1.29±0.18; 1.48±0.15 CG: 1.17±0.10; 1.10±0.16 Sig. change in EG (p<0.001) Sig. diff. between EG and CG (p<0.001)	Correlation Sig. and strengthened correlations in EG with swim time to 5.5m after training Velocity of take-off to contact (r=-0.66 → -0.91) distance to head contact (r=0.82 → 0.88)