Table 2. Substrate utilization and hormone concentrations. |
|
Trial |
PRE |
POST0 |
POST120 |
POST240 |
Blood glucose
(mg/dL) |
EF + CHO |
86.2 ± 5.4 |
96.2 ± 12.6 ** |
99.8 ± 11.1 ** |
74.3 ± 17.3 *,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + CHO |
82.8 ± 5.8 |
90.4 ± 11.9 ** |
90.7 ± 15.4 ** |
73.0 ± 12.5 *,† † ,‡‡ |
| EF + MILK |
85.8 ± 5.3 |
95.6 ± 15.1 ** |
96.5 ± 14.8 ** |
81.1 ± 15.2 *,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + MILK |
85.4 ± 7.2 |
101.3 ± 16.1 ** |
99.8 ± 16.0 ** |
78.9 ± 9.3 *,† † ,‡‡ |
Blood lactate
(mmol/L) |
EF + CHO |
1.5 ± 0.3 |
3.7 ± 1.3 ** |
2.4 ± 0.5 **,† † |
2.3 ± 0.4 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + CHO |
1.4 ± 0.2 |
5.0 ± 2.8 ** |
2.3 ± 0.6 **,† † |
2.4 ± 0.6 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| EF + MILK |
1.5 ± 0.4 |
4.4 ± 2.3 ** |
2.0 ± 0.3 **,† † |
1.9 ± 0.4 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + MILK |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
4.6 ± 2.9 ** |
1.8 ± 0.4 **,† † |
2.0 ± 0.4 **,† † ,‡‡ |
Serum free fatty acids
(µEq/L) |
EF + CHO |
0.44 ± 0.14 |
1.47 ± 0.39 ** |
0.13 ± 0.02 **,† † |
0.08 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + CHO |
0.53 ± 0.19 |
1.45 ± 0.45 ** |
0.13 ± 0.04 **,† † |
0.09 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| EF + MILK |
0.41 ± 0.20 |
1.37 ± 0.40 ** |
0.19 ± 0.07 **,† † |
0.13 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + MILK |
0.54 ± 0.24 |
1.36 ± 0.39 ** |
0.18 ± 0.06 **,† † |
0.13 ± 0.05 **,† † ,‡‡ |
Serum insulin
(µU/mL) |
EF + CHO |
5.6 ± 1.4 |
7.1 ± 3.8 |
39.8 ± 16.7 **,† † |
36.7 ± 21.9 **,† † |
| LF + CHO |
4.5 ± 1.4 |
5.1 ± 2.7 |
31.8 ± 13.4 **,† † |
34.1 ± 20.5 **,† † |
| EF + MILK |
4.9 ± 1.7 |
6.2 ± 3.6 |
32.2 ± 18.0 **,† † |
34.3 ± 20.2 **,† † |
| LF + MILK |
5.6 ± 1.2 |
6.0 ± 2.9 |
29.8 ± 12.0 **,† † |
29.8 ± 19.0 **,† † |
Respiratory exchange
ratio |
EF + CHO |
0.77 ± 0.05 |
0.81 ± 0.05 |
0.82 ± 0.02 * |
0.86 ± 0.04 **,† † ,‡ |
| LF + CHO |
0.74 ± 0.05 |
0.80 ± 0.07 |
0.80 ± 0.04 * |
0.85 ± 0.05 ** |
| EF + MILK |
0.77 ± 0.05 |
0.79 ± 0.04 |
0.77 ± 0.03 §§,|| |
0.85 ± 0.04 **,† ,‡‡ |
| LF + MILK |
0.74 ± 0.04 |
0.81 ± 0.05 ** |
0.78 ± 0.03 §§ |
0.87 ± 0.09 **,‡‡ |
| Average carbohydrate oxidation (g/min) |
EF + CHO |
0.08 ± 0.07 |
0.51 ± 0.27 ** |
0.13 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡ |
0.18 ± 0.05 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + CHO |
0.05 ± 0.07 |
0.59 ± 0.41 ** |
0.12 ± 0.06 **,† † ,‡‡ |
0.18 ± 0.08 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| EF + MILK |
0.08 ± 0.06 |
0.51 ± 0.31 ** |
0.08 ± 0.04 **,† † ,‡‡ |
0.19 ± 0.08 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + MILK |
0.04 ± 0.04 |
0.63 ± 0.25 ** |
0.09 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡ |
0.20 ± 0.09 **,† † ,‡‡ |
Average fat oxidation
(g/min) |
EF + CHO |
0.09 ± 0.02 |
0.38 ± 0.21 ** |
0.08 ± 0.02 † † |
0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + CHO |
0.10 ± 0.02 |
0.46 ± 0.18 ** |
0.08 ± 0.02 † † |
0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| EF + MILK |
0.09 ± 0.02 |
0.47 ± 0.18 ** |
0.10 ± 0.02 † † |
0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡ |
| LF + MILK |
0.10 ± 0.02 |
0.47 ± 0.19 ** |
0.10 ± 0.02 † † |
0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡ |
|
Values are mean ± SD. EF, early follicular phase; LF, late follicular phase; CHO, carbohydrate beverage; MILK, co-ingestion of carbohydrate with milk. PRE, before exercise; POST0, immediately after exercise; POST120, 120 min post-exercise; POST240, 240 min post-exercise. |
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