Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Table 4. Statistical comparisons for changes in physical fitness in the experimental and control groups.

Variable	Outdoor training group (n=25)			Treadmill training group (n=25)				Control group (n=25)			Time × group
	Pre	Post	p-value [g] Magnitude	Pre	Post	%∆	p-value [g] Magnitude	Pre	Post	p-value [g] Magnitude	p-value [ηp²] Magnitude
	Mean±SD		p-value [g] Magnitude	Mean±SD		%∆	p-value [g] Magnitude	Mean±SD		p-value [g] Magnitude	p-value [ηp²] Magnitude
50 m sprint (s)	7.56±0.48	7.49±0.46	<0.001* [0.15] Trivial	7.63±0.34	7.40±0.34	3.0	<0.001* [0.67] Moderate	7.45±0.59	7.46±0.57	0.538 [0.02] Trivial	<0.001# [0.78] Large
SLJ (m)	1.92±0.14	2.07±0.13ac	<0.001* [1.09] Large	1.91±0.09	2.17±0.09bc	13.6	<0.001* [2.73] Large	1.93±0.15	1.94±0.15	0.358 [0.07] Trivial	<0.001# [0.83] Large
Cooper’s test (m)	2,452±223	2,610±224a	<0.001* [0.70] Moderate	2,434±189	2,678±132b	10.0	<0.001* [1.47] Large	2,396±303	2,403±282	0.564 [0.02] Trivial	<0.001# [0.73] Large
FVC (L)	3.87±0.40	4.12±0.43a	<0.001* [0.59] Moderate	3.86±0.41	4.01±0.44	3.9	<0.001* [0.35] Small	3.80±0.25	3.78±0.26	0.710 [0.08] Trivial	<0.001# [0.31] Large
Left calf girth (cm)	33.78±2.71	33.97±2.59	<0.001* [0.07] Trivial	35.62±3.56	35.78±3.56	0.4	<0.001* [0.04] Trivial	34.26±2.79	34.26±2.78	1.000 [0.00] Trivial	0.002# [0.16] Large
Right calf girth (cm)	33.68±2.70	33.83±2.68	<0.001* [0.05] Trivial	35.59±3.50	35.81±3.52	0.6	<0.001* [0.06] Trivial	34.16±2.77	34.14±2.74	0.479 [0.01] Trivial	<0.001# [0.23] Large
RHR (beats/min)	69.28±1.54	66.04±1.74a	<0.001* [1.94] Large	69.00±1.47	65.92±2.16b	4.5	<0.001* [1.64] Large	69.16±1.49	68.6±1.73	0.058 [0.34] Small	<0.001# [0.43] Large

*: significant difference between baseline and follow-up measures; ^#: significant time by group effect.

a: significant difference at follow-up between outdoor training group and control group; ^b: significant difference at follow-up between the treadmill training and the control group; ^c: significant difference at follow-up between the outdoor and treadmill training group; FVC: forced vital capacity; g: Hedges’ g effect size; η_p²: partial eta squared; RHR: resting heart rate; SD: standard deviation; SLJ: standing long jump;