Table 1. Values at key kinematic and kinetic points during the volleyball spike. All values are average ± standard deviation. Kinematic Values Contact Window Peak Kinetic Values ROM [°] Shoulder Rotations at Ball Contact Phase [°] Max Torque During Ball Contact [N·m] Max Torque Excluding Ball Contact [N·m ] Internal Rotation 174 ± 36 -83 ± 28 44.0 ± 30.5 -25.5 ± 12.0 * Abduction 70 ± 28 122 ± 10 -110.5 ± 70.2 -19.9 ± 54.6 * Horizontal Adduction 109 ± 26 12 ± 23 63.0 ± 50.3 -45.5 ± 28.1 * The difference between peak torque estimates at ball contact was statistically significant (* p < 0.001) for each torque pair.