Table 4. Differences between the frequencies of winning actions with combinations (Level 3) of plays (Level 2) observed in three periods.
Level 1
    Level 2
        Level 3		 1970-2000
(1)		 2001-2015
(2)		 2016-2021
(3)		 (1) vs. (2) (1) vs. (3) (2) vs. (3) χ2 P< Ccorr
h-Cohen p* h-Cohen p* h-Cohen p*
1. Serve
1.1.Serve fh sidespin n = 273 n = 243 n = 268
  Long-backspin 10.26% 6.58% 13.43% -.133 .137 .099 .253 .232 0.011 20.4 .009 .186
  Long-topspin 10.26% 9.88% 11.19% -.013 .886 .030 .725 .043 0.629
  Short-backspin 34.07% 47.33% 31.72% .271 .002 -.050 .561 -.321 <0.001
  Short-topspin 25.27% 19.34% 27.24% -.143 .108 .045 .604 .187 0.036
  Rapid 20.15% 16.87% 16.42% -.084 .341 -.097 .263 -.012 0.890
1.2.Serve fh backspin-nospin n = 700 n = 112 n = 59
  Long-backspin 17.00% 11.61% 16.95% 12.9 .117 .141
  Long-nospin 16.43% 9.82% 15.25%
  Short-backspin 32.43% 43.75% 42.37%
  Short-nospin 17.43% 21.43% 16.95%
  Rapid 16.71% 13.39% 8.47%
1.3.Serve bh sidespin n = 99 n = 20 n = 40
  Long-backspin 7.07% 25.00% 10.00% .509 .017 .105 .563 -.404 .130 13.8 .032 .358
  Long-topspin 8.08% 15.00% 22.50% .219 .332 .412 .020 .193 .496
  Short-backspin 28.28% 20.00% 40.00% -.194 .448 .248 .181 .442 .127
  Short-topspin 39.39% 20.00% 27.50% -.430 .102 -.253 .188 .177 .529
  Rapid 17.17% 20.00% 0.00%
1.4. Serve fh reverse n = 99 n = 20 n = 40
  Long-backspin 23.33% 13.92% 14.81% 9.8 .279 .303
  Long-topspin 16.67% 7.59% 14.81%
  Short-backspin 30.00% 41.77% 33.33%
  Short-topspin 13.33% 30.38% 22.22%
  Rapid 16.67% 6.33% 14.81%
2. Serve+Counterattack
2.1.Serve-fh-sidespin+Counterattack n = 405 n = 497 n = 614 174.0 <.001 .364
  2.1.1.Serve-fh-sidespin+Topspin-fh 48.64% 50.91% 47.23% .045 .499 -.028 .659 -.074 .223
  2.1.2. Serve-fh-sidespin+Attack-bh 5.68% 6.64% 17.10% .040 .552 .371 <.001 .331 <.001
  2.1.3.Serve-fh-sidespin+Topspin-bh 10.37% 10.06% 7.33% -.010 .878 -.107 .089 -.097 .106
  2.1.4.Serve-fh-sidespin+Push-fh 2.22% 8.65% 9.28% .298 <.001 .320 <.001 .022 .715
  2.1.5. Serve-fh-sidespin+Block-bh 9.38% 7.04% 5.21% -.085 .200 -.162 .010 -.077 .203
  2.1.6. Serve-fh-sidespin+Attack-fh 15.31% 3.82% 1.95% -.410 <.001 -.523 <.001 -.113 .060
  2.1.7. Serve-fh-sidespin+Flick-fh 2.96% 3.42% 6.51% .026 .698 .170 .012 .144 .020
  2.1.8.Serw-fh-sidespin+Push-bh 3.70% 5.43% 1.47% .083 .221 -.145 .021 -.228 <.001
  2.1.9. - 2.1.11 other 1.73% 4.02% 3.91% .140 .044 .134 .048 -.006 .922
2.2. Serve fh backspin+Counterattack n = 1116 n = 293 n = 193 66.1 <.001 .226
  2.2.1.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-fh 50.63% 52.56% 36.79% .039 .556 -.280 <.001 -.319 .001
  2.2.2. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-bh 9.05% 8.19% 15.03% -.031 .645 .185 .010 .216 .018
  2.2.3.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-bh 9.23% 7.17% 6.22% -.075 .268 -.113 .173 -.038 .684
  2.2.4.Serve-fh-backspin+Push-fh 5.20% 8.53% 10.36% .133 .031 .196 .005 .063 .496
  2.2.5. Serve-fh-backspin+Block-bh 6.54% 6.48% 4.15% -0.002 0.972 -0.107 0.202 -0.105 0.271
  2.2.6. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-fh 6.63% 2.05% 4.66% -0.234 0.003 -0.086 0.301 0.148 0.103
  2.2.7. Serve-fh-backspin+Flick-fh 4.93% 6.14% 4.66% .053 .404 -.012 .875 -0.066 0.486
  2.2.8.Serve-fh-backspin+Push-bh 3.85% 4.10% 4.66% .012 .849 .040 .595 0.028 0.763
  2.2.9. - 2.2.11 other 3.94% 4.78% 13.47% .041 .522 0352 <.001 0.311 0.001
2.3. Serve bh sidespin+Counterattack n = 136 n = 70 n = 79
  2.2.1.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-fh 40.44% 57.14% 46.84% .336 .024 .129 .362 -0.207 0.211 34.3 <.001 .389
  2.2.2. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-bh 7.35% 18.57% 13.92% .342 .016 .216 .119 -0.126 0.442
  2.2.3.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-bh 7.35% 10.00% 20.25% .094 .514 .384 .006 0.290 0.086
  2.2.4.Serve-fh-backspin+Push-fh 44.85% 14.29% 18.99% -.692 <.001 -.566 <.001 0.127 0.445
2.4. Serve fh reverse+Counterattack n = 40 n = 141 n = 76
  2.2.1.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-fh 45.00% 43.26% 32.89% 9.2 .057 .227
  2.2.2. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-bh 35.00% 21.99% 21.05%
  2.2.3.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-bh 20.00% 34.75% 46.05%
4.Return+Counterattack
4.1.Push fh+Counterattack n = 428 n = 388 n = 276
  4.1.1. Push-fh+Topspin-fh 32.48% 43.56% 39.49% .229 .001 .146 .057 -.082 .296 102.7 <.001 .331
  4.1.2. Push-fh+Block-bh 22.90% 19.33% 13.77% -.087 .213 -.238 .003 -.150 .061
  4.1.3. Push-fh+Topspin-bh 6.07% 10.57% 10.51% .164 .020 .162 .033 -.002 .980
  4.1.4. Push-fh+Block-fh 12.85% 6.19% 2.90% -.231 .001 -.391 <.001 -.161 .052
  4.1.5. Push-fh+Fast attack-bh 5.37% 1.80% 9.78% -.198 .007 .168 .027 .367 <.001
  4.1.6. Push-fh+Fast attack-fh 5.37% 1.55% 4.71% -.219 .003 -.030 .696 .188 .016
  4.1.7. Push-fh+Push-fh 1.87% 2.58% 7.97% .048 .492 .298 <.001 .250 .001
  4.1.8. Push-fh+Push-bh 3.74% 3.61% 2.54% -.007 .921 -.069 .381 -.062 .437
  4.1.9. Push-fh+Flick-bh 1.64% 2.58% 4.71% .066 .347 .181 .017 .115 .139
  4.1.10. - 4.1.13 other 7.71% 8.25% 3.62% .020 .777 -.180 .027 -.200 .016
4.2. Push bh+Counterattack n = 428 n = 388 n = 276
  4.2.1. Push-bh+Topspin-fh 26.09% 41.95% 39.52% .337 .001 .288 .002 -.049 .630 83.4 <.001 .385
  4.2.2. Push-bh+Block-bh 24.51% 17.82% 6.67% -.164 .101 -.513 <.001 -.349 .001
  4.2.3. Push-bh+Topspin-bh 10.28% 9.77% 10.00% -.017 .864 -.009 .922 .008 .940
  4.2.4. Push-bh+Block-fh 9.09% 9.20% 1.90% .004 .971 -.336 .001 -.339 .001
  4.2.5.Push-bh+Push-bh 5.53% 5.17% 9.52% -.016 .871 .153 .102 .169 .109
  4.2.6. Push-bh+Fast attack-bh 3.16% 1.72% 8.10% -.094 .357 .219 .020 .314 .005
  4.2.7. Push-bh+Fast attack-fh 5.53% 2.87% 2.86% -.134 .191 -.135 .159 -.001 .992
  4.2.8.Push-bh+Push-fh 1.19% 1.72% 9.05% .045 .643 .393 <.001 .348 .002
  4.2.9.Push-bh+Push-bh 3.56% 4.02% 4.29% .024 .804 .038 .687 .013 .898
  4.1.10. - 4.1.13 other 11.07% 5.75% 8.10% -.194 .058 -.101 .283 .093 .371
4.3.Topspin-fh+Counterattack n = 168 n = 70 n = 28
  4.3.1. Topspin-fh+Topspin-fh 45.83% 58.57% 60.71% 6.4 .168 .188
  4.3.2. Topspin-fh+Fast attack-bh 23.21% 11.43% 14.29%
  4.3.3. -4.3.5 other 30.95% 30.00% 25.00%
4.4. Flick-fh+Counterattack n = 130 n = 47 n = 22
  4.4.1. Flick-fh+Block-bh 30.77% 25.53% 9.09% -.117 .500 -.563 .037 -.447 .118 19.0 .004 .351
  4.4.2. Flick-fh+Fast attack-fh 22.31% 27.66% 22.73% .124 .461 .010 .965 -.114 .665
  4.4.3. Flick-fh+Fast attack-bh 13.85% 25.53% 50.00% .297 .069 .808 <.001 .511 .048
  4.4.4. - 4.4.5.6 other 33.08% 21.28% 18.18% -.267 .132 -.344 .164 -.078 .767
4.5.Flick bh+Counterattack n=32 n=64 n=102
  4.5.1. Flick-bh+Topspin-fh 34.38% 29.69% 28.43% 6.1 .407 .206
  4.5.2. Flick-bh+Fast attack-bh 28.13% 20.31% 33.33%
  4.5.3. Flick-bh+Block-bh 15.63% 20.31% 21.57%
  4.5.4. -4.6.6 other 21.88% 29.69% 16.67%
4.6. Topspin-Attack bh+Counterattack n = 30 n = 27 n = 39
  4.6.1. Topspin-bh+Topspin-fh 43.33% 59.26% 30.77% 7.9 .095 .338
  4.6.2. Topspin-bh+Topspin-bh 40.00% 14.81% 41.03%
  4.6.3. Topspin-bh+other 16.67% 25.93% 28.21%
4.7.Chop-bh+Counterattack n=22 n=7 n=18
  4.7.1.Chop-bh+Chop-bh 50.00% 57.14% 38.89% .84 .656 .174
  4.7.x. Chop-bh+other 50.00% 42.86% 61.11%
4.8.Attack-bh+Counterattack n = 19 n = 7 n = 19 .20 .903 .088
  4.8.1.Attack-bh+Fast Attack-bh 63.16% 71.43% 68.42%
  4.8.2.Attack-bh+Fast attack fh 36.84% 28.57% 31.58%
5. Attack+Counterattack
5.1.Topspin-fh+Counterattack n = 771 n = 564 n = 390
  5.1.1.Topspin-fh+Topspin-fh 57.85% 75.00% 62.31% .366 <.001 .091 .144 -.275 <.001 81.1 <.001 .239
  5.1.2.Topspin-fh+Attack-bh 10.38% 4.79% 10.51% -.215 <.001 .004 .943 .219 .001
  5.1.3.Topspin-fh+Attack-fh 10.38% 3.19% 6.92% -.297 <.001 -.123 .055 .173 .008
  5.1.4.Topspin-fh+Topspin-bh 5.71% 6.74% 5.90% .043 .439 .008 .895 -.035 .602
  5.1.5.Topspin-fh+Block-bh 6.87% 2.84% 5.64% -.192 .001 -.051 .420 .141 .030
  5.1.6.Topspin-fh+Block-fh 3.76% 2.84% 3.33% -.052 .355 -.023 .712 .029 .661
  5.1.7.Topspin-fh+ Fishing'-bh 1.95% 1.06% .26% -.073 .201 -.179 .020 -.105 .151
  5.1.8.Topspin-fh+Push-fh .65% 1.60% 1.54% .092 .094 .087 .140 -.005 .944
  5.1.9.Topspin-fh+Chop-bh 1.04% 1.06% 1.54% .003 .963 .045 .460 .042 .518
  5.1.10.Topspin-fh+Push-bh .65% .71% 1.79% .007 .894 .108
5.6.Flick-bh+Counterattack n = 11 n = 24 n = 23 4.8 .313 .337
  5.6.1. Flick-bh+Topspin-fh 36.36% 29.17% 34.78%
  5.6.2. Flip-bh+Fast attack-bh 27.27% 20.83% 43.48%
  5.6.x. Flick-bh+other 36.36% 50.00% 21.74%
6. Block+Counterattack
6.1.Block-bh+Counterattack n = 613 n = 271 n = 250 86.6 <.001 .303
  6.1.1. Block-bh+Block-bh 39.31% 35.42% 26.40% -.080 .272 -0.276 <.001 -.196 0.027
  6.1.2. Block-bh+Topspin-fh 24.63% 35.06% 32.40% .229 .001 0.172 .020 -.056 .522
  6.1.3. Block-bh+Attack-fh 17.13% 6.64% 7.60% -.332 <.001 -0.295 <.001 .037 .671
  6.1.4. Block-bh+Block-fh 6.85% 11.44% 10.80% .160 .023 0.140 .053 -.020 .817
  6.1.5. Block-bh+Fast attack-bh 5.87% 7.75% 19.20% .075 .295 0.418 <.001 .343 <.001
  6.1.6. Block-bh+’Fishing;-bh 2.61% 0.74% 1.20% -.153 .070 -0.105 .201 .048 .589
  6.1.7. Block-bh+Topspin-bh 1.96% 1.11% 1.60% -.070 .367 -0.027 .724 .043 .626
  6.1.x. Block-bh+other 1.63% 1.85% 0.80% .016 .821 -0.077 .344 -.093 .301
6.2.Block-fh+Counterattack n = 140 n = 64 n = 51 18.9 .016 .307
  6.2.1. Block-fh+Block-bh 25.00% 23.44% 21.57% -.036 .810 -0.081 .624 -.045 .812
  6.2.2. Block-fh+Topspin-fh 23.57% 50.00% 43.14% .557 <.001 0.419 .009 -.138 .465
  6.2.3. Block-fh+Attack-fh 14.29% 10.94% 9.80% -.101 .513 -0.138 .418 -.037 .844
  6.2.4. Block-fh+Block-fh 12.14% 6.25% 7.84% -.207 .200 -0.144 .402 .062 .739
  6.2.5. -6.2.x other 25.00% 9.38% 17.65% -.425 .010 -0.180 .287 .245 .193
6.3.’Fishing’-bh+Counterattack n = 105 n = 30 n = 25 31.6 <.001 .474
  6.3.1. ‘Fishing’-bh+Topspin-fh 32.38% 40.00% 52.00% .159 .439 0.400 .069 .241 .377
  6.3.2.’Fishing’-bh+ Fishing'-bh 39.05% 10.00% 8.00% -.706 .003 -0.776 .004 -.070 .798
  6.3.3. ‘Fishing’-bh+Topspin-bh 13.33% 13.33% 8.00% <.001 1.00 -0.174 .467 -.174 .530
  6.3.4. ‘Fishing’-bh+Fast attack-bh 3.81% 13.33% 28.00% .355 .053 0.722 <.001 .368 .181
  6.3.x. ‘Fishing’-bh+other 11.43% 23.33% 4.00% 0.319 0.101 -0.287 0.268 -0.606 0.048
6.4.’Fishing’-fh+Counterattack n = 49 n = 30 n = 47
  6.4.1. ‘Fishing’-fh+Topspin-fh 14.29% 50.00% 55.32% 0.796 0.001 0.902 <0.001 0.107 0.650 29.0 <.001 .529
  6.4.2.’Fishing’-fh+Chop-bh 18.37% 16.67% 27.66% -0.045 0.848 0.222 0.282 0.267 0.270
  6.4.3. -6.4.x other 67.35% 33.33% 17.02% -0.694 0.004 -1.075 <0.001 -0.380 0.103
7.Push+Counterattack
7.1.Push-bh+Counterattack n = 133 n = 123 n = 163
  7.1.1. Push-bh+Topspin-fh 27.82% 47.15% 42.33% 0.403 0.002 0.306 0.010 -0.097 0.417 36.2 <.001 .323
  7.1.2. Push-bh+Block-bh 21.05% 9.76% 7.98% -0.318 0.014 -0.381 0.001 -0.063 0.598
  7.1.3.Push-bh+Push-bh 9.02% 6.50% 12.27% -0.094 0.454 0.106 0.372 0.200 0.105
  7.1.4. Push-bh+Topspin-bh 7.52% 8.94% 4.91% 0.052 0.679 -0.109 0.351 -0.161 0.176
  7.1.5. Push-bh+Fast attack-fh 9.02% 4.88% 1.84% -0.165 0.196 -0.338 0.005 -0.173 0.146
  7.1.6.Push-bh+Push-fh 6.77% 5.69% 3.07% -0.045 0.723 -0.174 0.137 -0.130 0.274
  7.1.7-7.1.11 other 18.80% 17.07% 27.61% -0.045 0.720 0.210 0.077 0.255 0.037
7.2.Push-fh+Counterattack n = 165 n = 128 n = 263 18.1 .054 .205
  7.2.1. Push-fh+Topspin-fh 31.52% 43.75% 45.63%
  7.2.2. Push-fh+Block-bh 20.61% 17.19% 14.07%
  7.2.3. Push-fh+Topspin-bh 9.09% 9.38% 8.37%
  7.2.4. Push-fh+Block-fh 9.09% 9.38% 6.46%
  7.2.5. Push-fh+Fast attack-bh 5.45% 3.13% 9.13%
  7.2.6. -7.2.12 other 24.24% 17.19% 16.35% -.175 .144 -.197 .045 -.022 .835
8.Attack-against-chop+Counterattack
8.1.Aac-Topspin-fh+Counterattack n = 228 n = 228 n = 180 49.5 <.001 .319
  8.1.1.Aac-Topspin-fh+Topspin-fh 64.47% 87.72% 80.56% .561 <.001 .364 <.001 -.197 .047
  8.1.2. Aac-Topspin-fh+Fast attack-fh 25.00% 7.02% 13.33% -.511 <.001 -.300 .004 .211 .034
  8.1.3.Aac-Topspin-fh+Push-fh 7.46% 0.44% 3.33% -.421 <.001 -.186 .074 .235 .026
  8.1.x. Aac-Topspin-fh+other 3.07% 4.82% 2.78% .091 .337 -.017 .862 -.108 .291
8.2.Aac-Topspin-bh+Counterattack n = 10 n = 17 n = 13 3.0 .221 .347
  8.2.1.Aac-Topspin-bh+Topspin-fh 60.00% 88.24% 69.23%
  8.2.2. Aac-Topspin-bh+Fast attack-fh 40.00% 11.76% 30.77%
9. Chop+Counterattack
9.1.Chop-bh+Counterattack n = 145 n = 141 n = 96 39.8 <.001 .355
9.1.1.Chop-bh+Chop-bh 28.28% 49.65% 41.67% .442 <.001 .282 .032 -.160 .228
9.1.2. Chop-bh+Fast attack-fh 24.14% 21.99% 17.71% -.051 .666 -.158 .236 -.107 .422
9.1.3.Chop-bh+Chop-fh 19.31% 13.48% 5.21% -.158 .184 -.449 .002 -.291 .039
9.1.4. Chop-bh+Fast attack-bh 4.14% 6.38% 14.58% .101 .395 .374 .004 .273 .037
9.1.5.Chop-bh+’Fishing’-fh 5.52% 2.84% 8.33% -.136 .259 .111 .391 .247 .059
9.1.6. - 9.1.8 other 18.62% 5.67% 12.50% -.411 .001 -.170 .208 .242 .065
9.2.Chop-fh+Counterattack n = 65 n = 31 n = 16 21.5 .002 .476
9.2.1.Chop-fh+Chop-bh 33.85% 38.71% 12.50% .101 .642 -.519 .098 -.620 .069
9.2.2. Chop-fh+Fast attack-fh 10.77% 35.48% 12.50% .608 .005 .054 .844 -.553 .102
9.2.3.Chop-fh+Chop-fh 20.00% 12.90% 6.25% -.192 .396 -.422 .196 -.229 .487
9.2.4. -9.2.6 other 35.38% 12.90% 68.75% -.539 .024 .681 .018 1.220 <.001
h-Cohen – the value of h Cohen indicator (effect size), p* - statistical significance at p<0.017, χ2 – the value of chi-square test, p – the significance of χ2 test, Ccorr - corrected contingency coefficient.