Table 1. Genetic markers associated with weight loss efficiency in response to different types of diets. |
| Gene |
Polymorphism |
Cohort
(sex, sample size) |
Population |
Favorable
allele/ genotype |
Type of
diet therapy |
Outcome |
References |
| ACE |
rs4646994
I/D |
n=32,
women
100% |
European |
I |
hypocaloric
diet for 8 weeksTop of Form Bottom of Form |
carriers
of the I allele with significantly reduced relative body fat percentage
compared to carriers of the DD genotype (-2.3±1.4% vs. -0.8±1.6%,
P<0.05) |
(Hamada
et al., 2011) |
| ACSL5 |
rs2419621
C/T |
n=44,
women
100% |
European |
Т |
hypocaloric
high-protein diet for 12 weeks |
carriers
of the T allele had significantly reduced body mass compared to carriers
of the CC genotype (-9.3±1.8 kg vs. -7.4±2.1 kg, P=0.01),
BMI (-3.4±0.5 units vs. -3.1±0.4 units, P=0.02), body fat
mass (BFM) (-6.4±1.2 kg vs. -5.2±1.4 kg, P=0.01), and waist
circumference (WC) (-8.6±0.8 cm vs. -6.1±1.1 cm, P=0.02) |
(Jáuregui
et al., 2020) |
| ACSL5 |
rs2419621
C/T |
n=211,
women
100% |
European
(Canada) |
Т |
hypocaloric
diet for 24 weeks |
carriers
of the T allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) compared to
carriers of the CC genotype (-3.82±1.66 kg, P<0.001), relative
body fat mass (-2.99±1.08 kg, P<0.001), and visceral fat mass
(-5.74±2.87 kg, P=0.003) |
(Rajkumar
et al., 2016) |
| ADCY3 |
rs10182181
A/G |
n=147,
women
67,3% |
European |
G |
hypocaloric
low-fat diet for 16 weeks |
carriers
of the G allele had significantly reduced trunk fat mass (n/d, P=0.04),
android fat mass (n/d, P=0.02), gynoid fat mass (n/d, P=0.03),
and
visceral fat mass (n/d, P=0.02) compared to carriers of the AA genotype. |
(Goni et
al., 2018) |
| ADRB2 |
rs1042714
G/C |
n=95
women
100% |
European |
G |
partial
meal replacement hypocaloric diet 12 weeks |
carriers
of the G allele had larger reductions: (CC versus CG + GG)
body
weight (-7.1±0.3 vs. -13.5±0.5 kg: P = 0.03), BMI (-0.9±0.1
vs -1.2±0.2 kg/m2; P = 0.03), fat mass (-4.9±0.5
vs. -10.2 ±1.2 kg; P = 0.01),
and waist circumference (-5.1±
0.2 vs. -10.1±1.9 cm; P = 0.03) |
(de Luis
et al., 2023) |
| ADRB3 |
rs4994
A/G |
n= 24,
women
100% |
Mixed
(USA) |
А |
low-calorie
diet for 13 months |
carriers
of the A allele had significantly reduced visceral fat mass by 43% compared
to carriers of the GG genotype (-46±27 cm2 vs. -81±51
cm2, P=0.05) |
(Tchernof
et al., 2000) |
| BDNF |
rs6265
C/T |
n= 201,
women
n/d |
European |
T |
hypocaloric
high-protein diet for 16 weeks |
carriers
of the T allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) compared to
carriers of the CC genotype (-5.3±3.2 kg vs. -3.9±2.5 kg,
P=0.023) |
(Ramos-Lopez
et al., 2019) |
| BDNF |
rs11030104
A/G |
n= 201,
women
n/d |
European |
G |
hypocaloric
high-protein diet for 16 weeks |
carriers
of the G allele significantly had reduced body fat mass (BFM) compared to
carriers of the AA genotype (-5.2±3.1 kg vs. -3.8 ±2.4 kg,
P=0.013) |
(Ramos-Lopez
et al., 2019) |
| BDNF |
rs10767664
T/A |
n=80,
women
n/d |
European |
АА |
hypocaloric
diet for 3 months |
individuals
with the AA genotype significantly reduced body mass (MT) (-3.4±2.9
kg vs. -1.7±2.0 kg, P=0.01), BMI more (-1.5±0.2 units vs.
-1.2±0.5 units, P=0.02), body fat mass (BFM) more (-2.3±1.1
kg vs. -1.7±0.9 kg, P=0.009), and waist circumference (WC) more (-3.8±2.4
cm vs. -2.1±3.1 cm, P=0.008) compared to carriers of the G allele. |
(de Luis
et al., 2018c) |
| CB2R |
rs3123554
A/G |
n=280,
women
76,6% |
European |
GG |
hypocaloric
low-carbohydrate diet in conjunction with aerobic physical exercises for
12 weeks |
carriers
of the GG genotype had significantly reduced body mass (BM) (-3.3±1.1
kg vs. -1.9±1.0 kg, P=0.01), BMI (-1.3±0.1 units vs. -1.0±0.5
units, P=0.03), body fat mass (BFM) (-2.7±1.1 kg vs. -2.2±0.7
kg, P=0.02),
and waist circumference (WC) (-3.4±1.0 cm vs.
-2.5±1.1 cm, P=0.009)
compared to carriers of the A allele |
(de Luis
et al., 2018a) |
| CB2R |
rs3123554
A/G |
n=280,
women
76,6% |
European |
GG |
hypocaloric
diet with aerobic physical exercises for 12 weeks |
carriers
of the GG genotype had significantly reduced body mass (MT)
(-4.0±1.2
kg vs. -2.1±1.1 kg, P=0.01), BMI (-1.3±0.2 units vs. -1.1±0.3
units, P=0.02), body fat mass (BFM) (-2.4±1.0 kg vs. -1.5±0.8
kg, P=0.02),
and waist circumference (WC) (-3.7±1.1 cm vs.
-2.9±1.0 cm, P=0.01),
compared to carriers of the A allele |
(de Luis
et al., 2018a) |
| FGF21 |
rs838147
A/G |
n=715,
women
61% |
Mixed (USA) |
G |
hypocaloric
low-fat diet for 2 years |
carriers
of the G allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P=0.01)
and trunk fat mass (n/d, P=0.02) compared to carriers of the AA genotype |
(Heianza
et al., 2016) |
| FTO |
rs9939609
T/A |
n=233,
women
75,9% |
European |
А |
hypocaloric
diet with high polyunsaturated fat content in conjunction with aerobic physical
exercises for 12 weeks |
carriers
of the A allele had significantly reduced body mass (MT) (-5.1±3.9
kg vs. -3.0±2.8 kg, P<0.05), BMI (-2.0±1.4 units vs.
-1.1±1.2 units, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (-4.2±2.9
kg vs. -3.0±2.8 kg, P<0.05) compared to carriers of the TT
genotype |
(de Luis
2015b) |
| FTO |
rs9939609
T/A |
n=195,
women
70,2% |
European |
TT |
hypocaloric
high-protein diet for 9 months |
carriers
of the TT genotype had significantly reduced body mass (MT) (n/d, P<0.05),
BMI (n/d, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P<0.05) compared
to carriers of the A allele |
(de Luis
2015a) |
| FTO |
rs9939609
T/A |
n=195,
women
70,2% |
European |
TT |
hypocaloric
diet for 9 months |
carriers
of the TT genotype with significantly reduced body mass (MT) (n/d, P<0.05),
BMI (n/d, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P<0.05) compared
to carriers of the A allele |
(de Luis
2015a) |
| FTO |
rs1558902
T/A |
n=742,
women
61% |
Mixed |
А |
high-protein
diet for 2 years |
carriers
of allele A, compared to carriers of the TT genotype, significantly reduced
total body fat (n/d, P=0.049), visceral fat (n/d, P=0.012), and subcutaneous
fat (n/d, P=0.002) |
(Zhang
et al., 2012) |
| LCT |
rs4988235
G/A |
n=583,
women
56,3% |
European
(USA) |
G |
high-protein
diet for 2 years |
carriers
of the G allele, compared to carriers of the AA genotype, had significantly
reduced relative body fat (n/d, P=0.04), subcutaneous fat (n/d, P=0.04),
visceral fat (n/d, P=0.03), and total body fat (n/d, P=0.03) |
(Heianza
et al., 2018) |
| LEPR |
rs1137100
A/G |
n=170,
women
47,1% |
European |
АА |
hypocaloric
diet for 8 weeks |
carriers
of the AA genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly
reduced body fat (-4.1±2.1% vs. -2.9±3.6%, P=0.013) |
(Abete
et al., 2009) |
| LYPLAL1 |
rs2605100
A/G |
n= 201,
women
n/d |
European |
GG |
hypocaloric
high-protein diet for 16 weeks |
carriers
of the GG genotype, compared to carriers of the A allele, significantly
reduced waist circumference (WC) (-9.8±3.9 cm vs. -8.0±4.9
cm, P=0.046) and body fat mass (BFM) (-4.9±2.7 kg vs. -3.8±2.8
kg, P=0.05) |
(Ramos-Lopez
et al., 2019) |
| MTHFR |
rs1801133
С/Т |
n= 56,
women
66,1% |
European |
СC |
hypocaloric
Mediterranean diet for 12 weeks |
carriers
of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the T allele, had significantly
reduced relative body mass (-9.3±4.0% vs. -8.6±3.5%, P<0.05)
and relative body fat mass (BFM) (-18.0±8.6% vs.-13.1±7.8%,
P<0.05) |
(Renzo
et al., 2013) |
| MTNR1B |
rs10830963
C/G |
n=80,
women
75,0% |
European |
СС |
hypocaloric
Mediterranean diet for 12 weeks |
male carriers
of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly
reduced body mass (-3.8±3.1 kg vs. -3.1±3.2 kg, P<0.05),
BMI (-0.9±1.0 units vs. -0.7±1.0 units, P<0.05), and
body fat mass (BFM) (-2.4±1.5 kg vs. -1.1±1.1 kg, P<0.05)
among women, carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G
allele, had significantly reduced body mass (-3.2±1.1 kg vs. -2.1±1.0
kg, P<0.05), BMI (-1.1±1.0 units vs. -0.6±1.3 units,
P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (-2.4±1.0 kg vs. -1.3±1.2
kg, P<0.05) |
(de Luis
et al., 2018b) |
| MTNR1B |
rs10830963
C/G |
n=361,
women
n/d |
European |
СС |
hypocaloric
diet with a high content of monounsaturated fats or with a high content
of polyunsaturated fats for 12 weeks |
carriers
of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly
reduced body mass (-4.1±0.9 kg vs. -2.9±0.8 kg, P<0.05),
BMI (-0.7±1.1 units vs. -0.5±1.2 units, P<0.05), body
fat (-3.0±0.8 kg vs. -2.0±1.0 kg, P<0.05), and waist
circumference (-3.4±1.0 cm vs. -2.9±0.9 cm, P<0.05)
on a hypocaloric diet with a high content of monounsaturated fats carriers
of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly
reduced body mass (-3.7±1.0 kg vs. -2.5±0.9 kg, P<0.05),
BMI (-0.7±1.0 units vs. -0.2±1.1 units, P<0.05), body
fat more (-3.3±1.0 kg vs. -1.4±0.9 kg, P<0.05) and
waist circumference (-3.8±1.0 cm vs. -2.6±0.8 cm, P<0.05)
on a hypocaloric diet with a high content of polyunsaturated fats |
(de Luis
et al., 2020b) |
| MTNR1B |
rs10830963
С/G |
n=270,
women
% |
European |
СС |
highly
hypocaloric high-protein/low- carbohydrate diet for 9 months. |
carriers
of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly
reduced BMI (-3.3±0.2 units vs. -3.2±0.2 units, P=0.02), body
mass (-8.6±1.1 kg vs. -6.2±0.9 kg, P=0.01), body fat mass
(BFM) (-6.2±1.8 kg vs. -3.7±1.2 kg, P=0.01), and waist circumference
(WC) (-11.7±2.1 cm vs. -6.7±1.9 cm, P=0.02) |
(de Luis
et al., 2020a) |
| MTNR1B |
rs10830963
С/G |
n=270,
women
% |
European |
СС |
highly
hypocaloric diet for 9 months |
carriers
of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly
reduced BMI (-3.1±0.2 units vs. -2.7±0.3 units, P=0.04), body
mass (-7.6±1.4 kg vs. -5.1±1.2 kg, P=0.03), body fat mass
(BFM) (-6.3±1.2 kg vs. -4.2±1.1 kg, P=0.03), and waist circumference
(WC) (-10.7±1.4 cm vs. -6.3±1.8 cm, P=0.01) |
(de Luis
et al., 2020a) |
| NFATC2IP |
rs11150675
G/A |
n=692,
women
61,1% |
Mixed |
A |
low-carbohydrate
diet for 2 years |
carriers
of the A allele, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly reduced
body fat mass (BFM) (-5.2±1.1 kg vs. -4.2±1.0 kg, P=0.02)
and trunk fat (-16.1±3.2% vs. -12.8±2.8%, P=0.01) |
(Sun et
al., 2018) |
| NPY |
rs16147
T/C |
n=723,
women
61% |
Mixed |
C |
low-carbohydrate
diet for 2 years |
carriers
of the C allele, compared to carriers of the T allele, had significantly
reduced waist circumference (WC) (n/d, P<0.001) after 6 months, subcutaneous
fat (n/d, P=0.04), body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P=0.05), and abdominal fat
(n/d, P=0.01) after 2 years |
(Lin et
al., 2015) |
| PPARD |
rs1053049
C/T |
n=156,
women
60,1% |
European |
Т |
low-fat
diet with aerobic exercise for 9 months |
carriers
of the TT genotype, compared to carriers of the C allele, had significantly
reduced non-visceral fat mass (-1.6 kg vs. -0.8 kg, P=0.02) and visceral
fat
(-0.4 kg vs. -0.3 kg, P=0.01) |
(Thamer
et al., 2008) |
| PPARD |
rs2267668
G/A |
n=156,
women
60,1% |
European |
АА |
low-fat
diet with aerobic exercise for 9 months |
carriers
of the AA genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly
reduced non-visceral fat (-1.4 kg vs. -0.6 kg, P=0.04) |
(Thamer
et al., 2008) |
| PPARG |
rs1801282
C/G |
n=144,
women100% |
European |
G |
hypocaloric
Mediterranean diet for 16 weeks |
carriers
of the G allele, compared to carriers of the CC genotype, had significantly
reduced abdominal fat (-4.23±0.41 kg vs. -3.31±0.26 kg, P<0.05) |
(Chmurzynska
et al., 2019) |
| TCF7L2 |
rs7903146
C/T |
n= 771,
women
n/d |
European |
T |
highly
hypocaloric low-fat diet over 10 weeks |
individuals
with the TT genotype on a low-fat diet lost significantly more body mass
(-6.9±4.0 kg vs. -4.8±3.3 kg, P=0.023), fat mass (-5.4±3.4
kg vs. -4.4±3.2 kg, P=0.048), and waist circumference (WC) (-6.8±6.1
cm vs. -4.2±4.8 cm, P=0.023) compared to those on a low-carbohydrate
diet; carriers of the C allele were equally effective in reducing body mass
regardless of the diet type |
(Grau et
al., 2010) |
| TCF7L2 |
rs7903146
C/T |
n= 201,
women
n/d |
European |
TT |
hypocaloric
high-protein diet for 16 weeks |
individuals
with the TT genotype, compared to carriers of the C allele, had
significantly
reduced body fat mass (BFM) (-5.6±2.4 kg vs. -4.1±2.8 kg,
P=0.049) |
(Ramos-Lopez
et al., 2019) |
| UCP2 |
rs660339
G/A |
n= 386,
women
100% |
East Asian |
G |
Caloric
restriction diet for 4 weeks. |
carriers
of the G allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) (-5.0±0.2
kg vs. -3.9±0.3 kg, P=0.016) compared to carriers of the AA genotype |
(Cha et
al., 2007) |
| UCP2 |
rs659366
G/A |
n= 458,
women
100% |
East Asian |
G |
markedly
hypocaloric diet for 4 weeks. |
individuals
with the G allele showed a significant reduction in BMI (-2.8±0.8
units vs. -2.4±1.0 units, P=0.02) and body fat mass (BFM) (-5.3±3.6
kg vs. -4.2±2.1 kg, P=0.03) compared to those with the AA genotype |
(Yoon et
al., 2007) |
| UCP3 |
rs1800849
rs2075576
rs1800006
rs1685325
rs2734827
rs2075577 |
n= 214,
women
100%
the average
age is 28.6±9.6 years |
East Asian |
Haplotype
[CGTACC] |
extremely
hypocaloric diet for 4 weeks |
carriers
of the haplotype [CGTACC], compared to carriers of the haplotype [TCCGTT],
had significantly reduced body mass (BMI: -7.7±2.2 kg vs. -6.5±2.5
kg, P=0.016), body mass index (BMI: -2.98±0.91 vs. -2.54±0.94,
P=0.039), and fat mass (FM: -5.5±4.6 kg vs. -4.3±1.8 kg, P=0.028) |
(Cha et
al., 2006) |
|
n/d- no data; МТ- body mass; BMI- body mass index, FМ- fat mass; WC- waist circumference |
|