Table 3. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) for the IST, UCMJ, and KFS tests before and after the intervention period across the four groups. |
|
UT
(n = 16) |
BT
(n = 16) |
UBT
(n = 17) |
Control
(n = 17) |
Comparisons
between groups in pre and post evaluations
F
| p-value | Effect size |
| IST
left (N) |
Pre |
1011.1
± 50.6 |
991.8 ±
38.3 |
993.9 ±
50.6 |
995.2 ±
41.9 |
F
= 0.602; p = 0.616; ηp2
= 0.028 |
| Post |
1122.3
± 56.2 b,c,d,* |
1021.5
± 39.5 d,* |
1053.6
± 53.6 d,* |
975.3
± 41.1 * |
F
= 26.992; p < 0.001; ηp2
= 0.566 |
| ES |
2.09 (1.58;2.60) |
0.76 (0.56;0.96) |
1.13 (0.93;1.33) |
0.48 (0.28;0.68) |
|
| %dif |
+11.0 |
+3.0 |
+6.0 |
-2.0 |
|
| IST
right (N) |
Pre |
1120.3
± 59.5 |
1095.2
± 69.9 |
1106.5
± 76.1 |
1104.9
± 60.6 |
F
= 0.384; p = 0.765; ηp2 =
0.018 |
| Post |
1210.0
± 64.2 b,d,* |
1117.1
± 71.3 * |
1150.7
± 79.1 * |
1093.9
± 60.0 * |
F
= 8.701; p < 0.001; ηp2
= 0.296 |
| ES |
1.45 (1.09;1.81) |
0.31 (00.05;0.66) |
0.57 (0.21;0.93) |
0.18 (00.18;0.54) |
|
| %dif |
+8.0 |
+2.0 |
+4.0 |
-1.0 |
|
| IST
asymmetry (%) |
Pre |
3.24 ±
1.26 |
2.11 ±
1.24 |
3.37 ±
1.22 |
3.30 ±
1.37 |
F
= 0.127; p = 0.944; ηp2
= 0.006 |
| Post |
2.39
± 1.29 d,* |
2.78
± 1.27 * |
2.75
± 1.25 * |
3.63
± 1.37 * |
F
= 2.735; p = 0.051; ηp2
=0.117 |
| ES |
0.66 (0.30;1.02) |
0.53 (0.17;0.89) |
0.50 (0.14;0.86) |
0.24 (00.12;0.60) |
|
| %dif |
-26.2 |
+31.8 |
-18.4 |
+10.0 |
|
| UCMJ
left (N) |
Pre |
691.6 ±
58.8 |
692.1 ±
50.4 |
687.2 ±
50.7 |
698.1 ±
56.3 |
F
= 0.116; p = 0.950; ηp2
= 0.006 |
| Post |
767.7
± 65.2 b,d,* |
706.0
± 51.4 * |
714.7
± 52.8 * |
684.2
± 55.2 * |
F
= 6.448; p < 0.001; ηp2 =
0.238 |
| ES |
1.23 (0.87;1.59) |
0.27 (00.09;0.66) |
0.53 (0.17;0.89) |
0.25 (00.11;0.62) |
|
| %dif |
+11.0 |
+2.0 |
+4.0 |
-2.0 |
|
| UCMJ
right (N) |
Pre |
756.8 ±
71.4 |
762.8 ±
63.9 |
754.8 ±
61.5 |
775.8 ±
78.8 |
F
= 0.316; p = 0.814; ηp2
= 0.015 |
| Post |
828.7
± 78.2 d,* |
785.7
± 65.8 * |
777.4
± 63.4 * |
756.4
± 76.8 * |
F
= 2.968; p = 0.039; ηp2
= 0.126 |
| ES |
0.96 (0.60;1.32) |
0.35 (00.01;0.71) |
0.36 (0.00;0.72) |
0.25 (00.11;0.62) |
|
| %dif |
+9.5 |
+3.0 |
+3.0 |
-2.5 |
|
| UCMJ
asymmetry (%) |
Pre |
2.83 ±
0.82 |
3.06 ±
1.11 |
2.95 ±
1.04 |
3.27 ±
1.16 |
F
= 0.535; p = 0.660; ηp2 =
0.025 |
| Post |
2.39
± 0.83 * |
3.38
± 1.12 * |
2.62
± 1.06 * |
3.15
± 1.16 * |
F
= 3.049; p = 0.035; ηp2
= 0.129 |
| ES |
0.53 (0.17;0.89) |
0.29 (00.07;0.65) |
0.31 (00.05;0.67) |
0.10 (00.26;0.46) |
|
| %dif |
-15.6 |
+10.5 |
-11.2 |
-3.7 |
|
| UCMJ
left (cm) |
Pre |
12.9 ±
0.6 |
12.9 ±
0.5 |
12.9 ±
0.5 |
13.0 ±
0.6 |
F
= 0.116; p = 0.951; ηp2 =
0.006 |
| Post |
16.7
± 0.6 c,d,* |
16.1
± 0.5 * |
16.1
± 0.5 * |
15.8
± 0.6 * |
F
=6.429; p < 0.001; ηp2 =
0.237 |
| ES |
6.33 (3.93;8.73) |
6.4 (3.97;8.83) |
6.4 (3.97;8.83) |
4.67 (2.78;6.56) |
|
| %dif |
+29.5 |
+24.8 |
+24.8 |
+21.5 |
|
| UCMJ
right (cm) |
Pre |
14.6 ±
0.7 |
14.6 ±
0.6 |
14.5 ±
0.6 |
14.8 ±
0.8 |
F
= 0.322; p = 0.810; ηp2
= 0.015 |
| Post |
15.3
± 0.8 d,* |
14.9
± 0.7 * |
14.8
± 0.6 * |
14.6
± 0.8 * |
F
= 2.969; p = 0.039; ηp2
= 0.126 |
| ES |
0.93 (0.21;1.65) |
0.46 (00.25;1.17) |
0.50 (00.21;1.21) |
-0.25
(00.95;0.45) |
|
| %dif |
+4.8 |
+2.1 |
+2.1 |
-1.4 |
|
| UCMJ
asymmetry (%) |
Pre |
3.8 ± 0.4 |
3.9 ± 0.6 |
3.9 ± 0.6 |
4.0 ± 0.6 |
F
= 0.549; p = 0.650; ηp2
= 0.026 |
| Post |
2.8
± 0.6 * |
2.5
± 0.6 * |
2.8
± 0.6 * |
2.7
± 0.7 * |
F
= 0.891; p = 0.451; ηp2
= 0.041 |
| ES |
-1.96
(12.80;21.12) |
-2.33
(23.23;31.43) |
-1.83
(12.65;21.01) |
-2.00
(22.84;21.16) |
|
| %dif |
-26.3 |
-35.9 |
-28.2 |
-32.5 |
|
| KFS
left (N) |
Pre |
191.8 ±
61.8 |
210.3 ±
50.5 |
209.7 ±
30.8 |
191.9 ±
36.5 |
F
= 0.852; p = 0.471; ηp2
= 0.040 |
| Post |
322.1
± 103.2 b,d,* |
246.0
± 59.1 * |
262.1
± 38.6 d,* |
192.1
± 35.8 |
F
= 11.394; p < 0.001; ηp2
= 0.355 |
| ES |
1.50 (1.14;1.86) |
0.65 (0.29;1.01) |
1.37 (1.01;1.73) |
0.01 (00.35;0.37) |
|
| %dif |
+67.9 |
+16.9 |
+25.0 |
+0.1 |
|
| KFS
right (N) |
Pre |
207.4 ±
65.0 |
226.6 ±
47.8 |
233.0 ±
43.9 |
210.8 ±
42.4 |
F
= 0.997; p = 0.400; ηp2
= 0.046 |
| Post |
338.0
± 105.9 b,d,* |
269.7
± 56.9 * |
286.6
± 53.9 d,* |
217.5
± 45.8 |
F
= 8.507; p<0.001; ηp2
= 0.292 |
| ES |
1.46 (1.10;1.82) |
0.82 (0.46;1.18) |
1.09 (0.73;1.45) |
0.15 (00.21;0.51) |
|
| %dif |
+63.0 |
+19.0 |
+23.0 |
+3.2 |
|
| KFS
asymmetry (%) |
Pre |
2.82 ±
1.37 |
3.20 ±
1.32 |
3.72 ±
1.60 |
3.25 ±
1.31 |
F
= 1.133; p = 0.343; ηp2
= 0.052 |
| Post |
2.17
± 0.94 d,* |
3.48
± 1.78 |
3.45
± 1.25 |
4.64
± 2.15 * |
F
= 6.540; p < 0.001; ηp2
= 0.240 |
| ES |
0.56 (0.20;0.92) |
0.18 (00.18;0.54) |
0.19 (00.17;0.55) |
0.78 (0.42;1.14) |
|
| %dif |
-23.1 |
+8.8 |
-7.3 |
+42.8 |
|
|
UT: unilateral plyometric jump training; BT: bilateral plyometric jump training; UBT: combined unilateral and bilateral plyometric jump training; IST: unilateral isometric squat test; UCMJ: unilateral countermovement jump test; KFS: unilateral isometric knee flexor strength test; ES: Effect size comparing pre- and post-measurements using Cohen’s d presented in form of mean (95% confidence interval); %dif: Percentage difference between pre- and post-measurements; |
*significant differences within-group (p<0.05); |
b: significantly different from BT (p < 0.05); |
c: significantly different from UBT (p < 0.05); |
d: significantly different from control group (p < 0.05). |
|