Examine how reduced touchdown velocity affects internal heel pad deformations and stress during rearfoot running impacts, considering the dynamics of body movement and footwear.

1-) Impact force pattern;

2-) Heel pad strain and stress of skin and fatty tissue.

A reduction in foot touchdown velocity resulted in a less severe running impact and stress relief inside the heel pad.

Examine the stress distribution and peak stress in the heel pad during rearfoot running impacts, considering the viscoelastic and geometrical properties of the the EVA midsole.

EVA wear consistently elevated heel pad stress, with reduced EVA thickness identified as the most significant factor.

Propose a dynamic model of a shod footstrike that employs kinematic boundary conditions based on motion capture data from experimental running trials.

1-) Experimental HSV footage;

2-) vertical GRF;

3-) COP excursion.

The HSV footage showed good visual agreement, but notable discrepancies were observed between the model and experimental GRF and COP readings.

Examine the differences in peak plantar pressure during the weight-bearing phase of running between barefoot and barefoot running footwear conditions.

1-) Plantar pressure.

Barefoot running footwear showed better pressure distribution and less peak plantar pressure.

Examine the running shoe stability when the y-axis component of ground reaction force is at its minimum during running.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Contact area;

3-) Heel eversion angle.

A decrease in resin foam hardness adversely affected shoe stability by increasing the heel eversion angle.

Examine the effects of carbon-fiber plate thickness and placement in running shoes on plantar pressure, forefoot strain, and metatarsal stress during forefoot running impacts.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Forefoot strain;

3-) Metatarsal stress.

A thicker, low-loaded CFP achieved pressure-relief benefits in running shoes without increasing metatarsal stress.

Examine the effects of CFP stiffness and shoe shape on plantar pressure, metatarsal stress distribution, and MPJ force transmission during forefoot running impacts.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Metatarsal stress;

3-) MTP contact force transmission.

A curved CFP produces lower peak pressure under the metatarsal heads and does not worsen stress.

Examine the mechanical interaction between the heel pad and running shoe midsoles, and estimate the magnitude of internal heel pad stresses during rearfoot running impacts.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Heelpad stress.

A significantly lower peak heelpad pressure and stress was found in a shod heel-strike, compared with a bare heel-strike with the same force.

Examine the effect of running shoe design parameters on peak plantar pressure during rearfoot running impacts, and identify the optimal combination to enhance cushioning.

1-) Plantar pressure.

The design of the conforming heel cup and insole material significantly influenced peak plantar pressure during heel landing, making a custom conforming heel cup essential for relieving high plantar pressure in long-distance heel-strike runners.

Examine the effects of varying sole-ground contact angles on mid- to forefoot bone stress during forefoot running impacts.

A reduced sole-ground contact angle reduced the mid- to forefoot bone stress, potentially decrease the risk of metatarsal stress fractures.

Examine the effects of running shoe types (bionic vs. normal shoes) on mid- to forefoot bone stress during rearfoot running impacts.

Bionic running shoes reduced the proximal phalanx and metatarsal stress stress, potentially decrease the risk of metatarsal stress fractures.

Examine the effects of running shoe midsole hardness on plantar fascia stress and strain during running push-off.

1-) Plantar fascia stress and strain;

2-) MPJ flexion angle;

3-) arch descent height;

4-) shoe outsole pressure.

Increasing midsole hardness in running shoes reduces plantar fascia stress and strain but also increases overall foot load.