Table 1.
Mean(SD) kinematic, kinetic, and spatiotemporal data for each foot-strike pattern.
Parameters
Foot-strike patterns
P
values
Effect sizes
RFS
MFS
FFS
RFS-MFS
RFS-FFS
MFS-FFS
RFS-MFS
RFS-FFS
MFS-FFS
Foot-strike angle (°)
17.7 (4.4)
2.58 (1.47)
-7.92 (2.75)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
4.58
6.94
4.77
Spatiotemporal
Contact time (s)
.25 (.02)
.237 (.020)
.241 (.027)
.023
.261
.339
.54
.29
-.17
Steps per mile (steps/mile)
1569(131)
1526(208)
1530(197)
.812
.940
.854
.25
.24
-.02
Ankle/Knee joint
Peak planterflexion moment (N/kg)
16.8 (3.3)
18.9 (3.7)
20.9 (4.0)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.58
-1.11
-.53
Peak knee extension moment (N/kg)
2.45 (.50)
2.37 (.54)
2.06 (.57)
.022
<.016
*
<.016
*
.15
.73
.56
Knee flexion angle (°)
43.1 (4.3)
43.4 (4.8)
41.3 (5.4)
.216
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.08
.37
.42
Achilles tendon
Peak force (N/kg)
71.2 (9.8)
80.1 (12.4)
85.2 (12.4)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.80
-1.25
-.41
Peak lever arm (cm)
3.54 (.14)
3.54 (.18)
3.69 (.16)
.83
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.03
-1.02
-.87
Peak time (s)
.143 (.012)
.128 (.012)
.127 (.013)
<.016
*
<.016
*
.545
1.25
1.28
.08
Impluse per step (N/kg·s)
7.7 (1.3)
9.2 (1.7)
10.2 (1.9)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.99
-1.54
-.55
Impulse per mile (N/kg·s)
5993(803)
7131(951)
7864(940)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
-1.29
-2.14
-.78
Plantar fascia
Peak force (N/kg)
57.2 (22.6)
64.1 (24.3)
71.7 (24.0)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.30
-.62
-.31
Peak time (s)
.149 (.013)
.132 (.014)
.131 (.013)
<.016
*
<.016
*
.442
1.26
1.39
.08
Impluse per step (N/kg·s)
6.20 (2.19)
7.53 (2.64)
8.96 (3.01)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.54
-1.03
-.51
Impulse per mile (N/kg·s)
4792 (1535)
5829 (1986)
6975 (2243)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
-.59
-1.44
-.54
Patellofemoral joint
Quadriceps force (N/kg)
61.6 (13.8)
59.0 (15.0)
50.4 (15.4)
.055
<.016
*
<.016
*
.18
.76
.57
Peak stress (MPa)
14.4 (3.7)
13.9 (3.9)
12.0 (4.4)
.120
<.016
*
<.016
*
.14
.61
.48
Peak reaction force (N/kg)
52.5 (12.9)
50.6 (14.1)
42.6 (14.4)
.111
<.016
*
<.016
*
.14
.73
.57
Peak lever arm (m)
.0406 (.0016)
.0405 (.0018)
.0413 (.002)
.714
<.016
*
<.016
*
.06
-.39
-.42
Peak contact area (mm
2
)
240.2 (6.6)
239.9 (7.0)
237.0 (8.7)
.475
<.016
*
<.016
*
.05
.41
.36
Peak time (s)
.092 (.011)
.084 (.009)
.099 (.01)
<.016
*
<.016
*
<.016
*
.80
-.67
-1.58
Impluse per step (MPa·s)
1.50 (.47)
1.39 (.50)
1.15 (.45)
.023
<.016
*
<.016
*
.23
.76
.51
Impluse per mile (MPa·s)
1166(348)
1079(361)
884(317)
.020
<.016
*
<.016
*
.25
.85
.58
*p<0.016: Significant difference between foot-strike patterns because of Bonferroni adjustment (α level is 0.0167). RFS, Rearfoot strike; MFS, Midfoot strike; FFS, Forefoot strike.