| (Abat et
al., 2016) |
Randomized
Controlled Trial (RCT, parallel groups) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Electro-physiotherapy
+ eccentric; USGET + eccentric) |
G1: 32;
G2: 32 (60 completed) |
Athletes
with unilateral insertional patellar tendinopathy |
Athletically
active (not sport-specific) |
20–60
yrs (mean ~31) |
G1: 24M/8F;
G2: 27M/5F |
Patellar
tendon (inferior pole) |
VISA-P,
USG (thickening, hypoechoic areas, calcifications, vascularization) |
2 months
(or until VISA-P ≥ 90), biweekly |
| (Bahr et
al., 2006) |
RCT (parallel
groups + secondary surgical arm) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Eccentric
training; Surgery); Secondary: Surgery after failed training |
G1: 15
knees; G2: 16 knees; Secondary: 9 knees |
Athletes/active
adults with patellar tendinopathy (Blazina grade IIIB) |
Various |
≥18
yrs (mean ~25–30) |
Mixed |
Patellar
tendon (proximal) |
VISA, VAS
pain, satisfaction, 1RM leg press, CMJ |
3, 6, 12
months |
| (Biernat
et al., 2014) |
RCT (rehabilitation
during season) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Eccentric
squat + functional training; Control, volleyball only) |
G1: 15;
G2: 13 |
Male youth
volleyball players |
Volleyball |
16–19
yrs (mean 17.7 E; 16.5 C) |
All male |
Patellar
tendon (jumper’s knee) |
VISA-P,
USG + Doppler, isokinetic strength, CMJ |
24 wks
(baseline, 12, 24) |
| (Breda
et al., 2021) |
RCT (stratified,
investigator-blinded; JUMPER trial) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (PTLE;
EET [control]) |
G1: 38;
G2: 38 (76 total) |
Athletes
with patellar tendinopathy |
Basketball,
volleyball, others |
18–35
yrs (mean: 24 ± 3.5 PTLE; 24 ± 4.2 EET) |
PTLE: 82%M;
EET: 71%M |
Patellar
tendon (inferior pole) |
VISA-P
(primary), return to sport, satisfaction, adherence, USG, VAS |
12 and
24 wks |
| (Cannell
et al., 2001) |
RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Drop
squats [ecc]; Leg extension/curl [conc]) |
G1: 10;
G2: 9 |
Athletes
with jumper’s knee |
Basketball,
soccer, running, volleyball, tennis, squash, rowing, football, gymnastics |
15–50
yrs (mean 26) |
13M/6F |
Patellar
tendon (inferior pole) |
VAS pain,
return to sport, isokinetic strength, thigh girth |
12 wks |
| (Cunha
et al., 2012) |
RCT (prospective) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Pain
group [ecc with max pain]; No-pain group) |
G1: 10;
G2: 7 |
Athletes
with PT (US/MRI confirmed) |
Track &
field, basketball, capoeira, soccer, handball, combat sports, triathlon,
volleyball |
PG: 24.1
± 8.3; WP: 26 ± 5.9 |
14M/3F |
Patellar
tendon |
VISA-P,
VAS |
12 wks |
| (Frohm
et al., 2007) |
RCT (prospective
clinical trial) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Eccentric
overload in Bromsman device; Standard decline squat) |
G1: 11;
G2: 9 |
Athletes
with PT (≥3 mo continuous or ≥6 mo recurrent; US/MRI confirmed) |
Competitive
(17), recreational (3) |
G1: 26
± 8 yrs; G2: 28 ± 8 yrs |
16M/4F |
Patellar
tendon |
VISA-P,
VAS, isokinetic strength, CMJ, one-leg triple hop |
12 wks |
| (Jonsson
and Alfredson, 2005) |
RCT (prospective) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Quadriceps
eccentric; Quadriceps concentric) |
ET: 10
tendons; CT: 9 tendons |
Athletes
with chronic PT (≥8 mo) |
Running,
soccer, basketball, handball, floorball |
ET: 25.7
± 9.9; CT: 24.1 ± 6.4 |
ET: 7M/1F;
CT: 6M/1F |
Patellar
tendon (proximal) |
VAS (pain),
VISA, satisfaction |
12 wks;
32.6 mo FU |
| (Kongsgaard
et al., 2009) |
Single-blind
RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
3 (Corticosteroid
inj.; Eccentric; HSR) |
39 (13
per group) |
Recreational
male athletes with PT |
Running,
soccer, ball sports |
32 ±
9 yrs |
67%M |
Patellar
tendon |
VISA-P,
VAS, FAOS, Microcirculation |
12 wks
+ 6 mo FU |
| (Knež
and Hudetz, 2023) |
Multicenter
single-blind RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (17°
decline board; 25° decline board) |
70 total
(35 per group) |
Adults
with chronic PT (>3 mo) |
Soccer,
basketball, running |
25.0 ±
6.8 (17°); 24.1 ± 7.0 (25°) |
74.3%M
(17°); 65.7%M (25°) |
Patellar
tendon (midportion) |
VAS, VISA-P,
KOOS, Lysholm/Tegner |
12 wks |
| (Lee et
al., 2020) |
RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Exercise;
Exercise+ESWT) |
Ex: 14;
Comb: 16 |
Competitive
athletes with PT (≥3 mo, US-confirmed) |
Volleyball,
basketball, handball |
21–24
yrs |
Mixed |
Patellar
tendon |
VISA-P,
VAS, tendon strain/stiffness, EMG |
12 wks |
| (Niering
and Muehlbauer, 2023) |
Longitudinal
RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (CON;
ALT) |
CON: 18;
ALT: 16 |
Elite youth
soccer players with PT |
Soccer |
CON: 15.1
± 0.8; ALT: 15.4 ± 1.0 |
100%M |
Patellar
tendon (proximal) |
VAS, DJ,
JaR, CODS, Speed, Endurance, AMS |
20 wks |
| (Ruffino
et al., 2021) |
RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Inertial
flywheel; HSR) |
20; 21 |
Adults
with PT |
Volleyball,
basketball, soccer, running |
IF: 27.5
± 5.4; HSR: 31.7 ± 8.7 |
IF: 0F;
HSR: 1F |
Patellar
tendon |
VISA-P,
PSFS, EQ-5D, US imaging, load test |
12 wks |
| (Sánchez-Gómez
et al., 2022) |
Double-blind
RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (HMB
vs Placebo) |
4; 4 |
Federated
athletes with PT |
Basketball,
volleyball, handball, athletics |
18–49
yrs |
Mixed (2M/2F
per group) |
Patellar
tendon |
VISA-P, VAS,
CMJ, power, 5RM |
4 wks +
4 wks FU |
| (Gómez
et al., 2023) |
Longitudinal
(rehab) |
No |
Yes |
1 (Combined
intervention: ECC + stretching + ESWT + manual therapy) |
8 (6M/2F) |
Federated
athletes with PT |
Basketball,
volleyball, handball, jumping |
18–49
yrs (mean 27.1 ± 8.3) |
6M/2F |
Patellar
tendon |
VISA-P,
VAS, CMJ, Back Squat, 5RM |
8 wks |
| (van Ark
et al., 2016) |
RCT |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Isometric;
Isotonic) |
13; 16 |
Volleyball/
basketball players with PT |
Volleyball,
basketball |
16–32
yrs |
Mixed |
Patellar
tendon |
NRS pain
(SLDS), VISA-P, global rating, adherence |
4 wks |
| (Visnes
et al., 2005) |
RCT (2-group
repeated measures) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Eccentric;
Control) |
13; 16 |
Elite &
1st division volleyball players with PT |
Volleyball |
19–35
yrs (mean 26.6) |
Mixed (5F
each group) |
Patellar
tendon (majority); some quadriceps |
VISA, global
eval, jump tests |
12 wks
+ 6 mo FU |
| (Young
et al., 2005) |
RCT (parallel,
repeated measures) |
Yes |
Yes |
2 (Decline
squat; Step squat) |
17 total |
Elite volleyball
players (Victorian State League) with PT |
Volleyball |
27.3 ±
1.8 yrs |
13M/4F |
Patellar
tendon (proximal) |
VISA, VAS |
12 wks;
12 mo FU |