| Kwok
et al. (2024 |
Hong
Kong, China |
I: 39 |
Aquatic
HIIT |
I:
66.3±5.0
C: 65.7±6.2 |
8 |
2 |
20
min |
Deep
water run or run: weeks 1-2 (10 bouts of 2-minute exercise at 80%-85% HRmax
+ 1-minute active recovery 50% HRmax), weeks 3-5 (10 bouts of 2-minute exercise
at 85%-90% HRmax + 1-minute active recovery at 50% HRmax, weeks 6-8 (10
bouts of 2-minute exercise at 90%-95% HRmax + 1-minute active recovery at
50% HRmax. NR |
MMSE
MoCA |
Cardiorespiratory
fitness
Triglycerides
Total Cholesterol
HDL
LDL |
| C: 31 |
Land-based
exercise |
| Ploydang
et al. (2023) |
Thailand |
I: 17 |
Aquatic
aerobic exercise |
I:
69±3.7
C: 69.2±5.3 |
12 |
3 |
60
min |
Nordic
Walking in Water:weeks 1-6(40%–50%HRR), weeks 6-12(50%–60%
HRR). |
MMSE
MoCA
Stroop
color test (s)
Trail Making
Test Part B (s) |
Vascular
function
Cerebrovascular function
Biochemical variables |
| C: 17 |
Nonexercising |
Usual care |
| Kang
et al. (2020) |
South
Korea |
I: 17 |
Aquatic
aerobic exercise |
I:
73.8±4.0
C: 73.4±4.2 |
16 |
3 |
60
min |
Jogging,
jumping jacks, cross country, pendulum, and other similar exercises: weeks
1-4 (40%–50%HRR), weeks 5-8 (50%–60% HRR), weeks 9-12 (60%–65%HRR),
weeks 13-16 (65%–70%HRR). |
MMSE-K |
BDNF
IGF-1
VEGF
BMI |
| C: 10 |
Nonexercising |
Usual care |
| Jang
et al. (2021) |
South
Korea |
I: 13 |
Aquatic
HIIT |
I:
≥65
C: ≥65 |
12 |
3 |
40
min |
Aquatic
walking, jumping jack, standing jump, and other similar exercises: Weeks1-12 |
MMSE-K |
Triglycerides
HDL
LDL
IGF-1 |
| C: 12 |
Land-based
exercise |
NR |
| So
et al. (2024) |
Hong
Kong, China |
I: 14 |
Aquatic
aerobic exercise |
I:
65.9±0.8
C: 65.9±1.0 |
NR |
NR |
30
min |
Both
groups performed a 20-minute running exercise. In the Land group, participants
ran at a speed and treadmill grade predetermined from a prior incremental
test. In the Aquatic group, participants were required to run in the desired
cadence, which was monitored by a metronome. |
DSST |
Cerebral
blood flow |
| C: 14 |
Land-based
exercise |
| Sato
et al. (2015) |
Japan |
I: 7 |
Aquatic
cognitive–motor exercise |
I:
69-76
C: 69-86 |
10 |
1 |
50
min |
10 minutes
of walking, 30 minutes of aquatic cognitive exercises, and 10 minutes of
water-based stretching and relaxation. |
HDS-R |
Physical
functions |
| C: 7 |
Aquatic
strength training |
10 minutes
of walking, 30 minutes of strength and step exercises (including striding
movements), and 10 minutes of water-based stretching and relaxation. |
| Dunlap
et al. (2024) |
USA |
I: 13 |
Aquatic
cognitive–motor exercise |
I:
83±7
C: 81±8 |
8 |
3 |
45
min |
Aquatic
exercise and cognitive training: Weeks1-8 (10-minute warm-up; 25-minute
training phase; 10-minute cool-down) |
Stroop
color-word test |
Neurotrophic
factors Functional mobility Balance |
| C: 12 |
Nonexercising |
Usual care |
| Kooncumchoo
et al. (2025) |
Thailand |
I: 23 |
Aquatic
cognitive–motor exercise |
I:
69.4±3.7
C: 68.3±3.3 |
12 |
3 |
60
min |
10-min
warm-up, 40-min of aerobic exercise, simultaneously with cognitive training
involving recalling a number and color, and a 10-min cool-down. |
MoCA |
Two
MST
BaPWV (cm/s) |
| C: 23 |
Aquatic
aerobic exercise |
10 min
of warm-up, 40-min of aerobic exercise(hip flexion and abduction, side back
kick, etc), and 10-min cool-down. |
| Carral
et al. (2007) |
Spain |
I: 31 |
Aquatic
strength training |
I:
68.5±3.40
C: 68.3±3.5 |
9 |
2 |
45
min |
Aquatic
exercise: Weeks 1-9 (6 of muscular resistance in the water, 9 of moving
in different positions, etc.) + Strength.Training: weeks5-9 (aerobic resistance
and mobility of the joints, bodybuilding, etc) |
MMSE |
Quality
of life Cardiorespiratory fitness |
| C: 31 |
Aquatic
HIIT |
Aquatic
exercise: Weeks1-9 (6 of muscular resistance in the water, 9 of moving in
different positions, etc.) + Calisthenic Training: Weeks5-9(walking, aerobic
resistance, etc) |