Table 1. Study characteristics and participant demographics. |
| Study |
Study design |
Participant (female%) |
Age (years) |
Graft type: n |
Concomitant injury: n |
Preinjury sports level |
| Bodkin et al., 2022 |
cohort |
192 (54.2%) |
21.2 ± 9.2 |
BPTP: 95, HT: 58, QT: 2 |
NR |
TAS: 8.55 ± 1.3 |
| Cristiani et al., 2022 |
cohort |
5393 (44.2%) |
23.0 ± 9.4 |
BPTP: 435, HT: 4958 |
meniscus: 2164, cartilage: 1063 |
TAS: 7.5 (1-10)‡ |
| Cristiani et al., 2025 |
cohort |
1888 (10.4%) |
< 20 |
HT: 1888 |
meniscus: 290, MCL: 50 |
NR |
| Faleide et al., 2021 |
cohort |
103 (46.6%) |
28.7 ± 10 |
BPTP: 62, HT: 41 |
meniscus: 43, cartilage: 1 |
level I or level II |
| Fältström et al., 2023 |
cohort |
117 (100%) |
20 ± 2 |
BPTP: 3, HT: 114 |
meniscus: 49 |
active football players |
| Figueroa et al., 2025 |
cohort |
95 (28.4%) |
23 (20-31)‡ |
BPTP: 24, HT: 62, Allograft: 9 |
NR |
NR |
| Girdwood et al., 2024 |
cohort |
124 (34.7%) |
30.8 ± 8.7 |
HT: 124 |
meniscus and cartilage: 62 |
NR |
| Grindem et al., 2016 |
cohort |
100 (54.0%) |
24.3 ± 7.3 |
HT: 67, BPTP: 33 |
meniscus: 26, MCL: 30 |
level I or II |
| Ithurburn et al., 2019 |
cohort |
98 (73.5%) |
17.4 ± 2.5 |
BPTP: 43, HT: 49 |
meniscus: 49 |
TAS: 8.9 ± 0.7 |
| Jang et al., 2014 |
cohort |
67 (0.0%) |
21.9 ± 3.9 |
HT: 67 |
meniscus: 27 |
TAS: ≥ 5 |
| Kew et al., 2022 |
cohort |
100 (60.0%) |
16.1 ± 1.4 |
BPTP: 66, HT: 34 |
NR |
NR |
| Kim et al., 2022 |
cohort |
85 (45.9%) |
29.2 ± 12.2 |
BPTP: 10, HT: 75 |
meniscus: 37 |
TAS: 6.5 |
| King et al., 2021 |
case-control |
115 (0.0%) |
21.6 ± 4.1 |
BPTP: 94, HT: 21 |
NR |
level I |
| Kitaguchi et al., 2020 |
cohort |
124 (59.7%) |
17.0 ± 2.7 |
BPTP: 38, HT: 86 |
meniscus: 66, cartilage: 11 |
TAS: 9 (8-9)‡ |
| Kyritsis et al., 2016 |
cohort |
158 (0.0%) |
21.8 ± 4.9 |
BPTP: 50, HT: 108 |
NR |
professional athletes |
| Legnani et al., 2024 |
cohort |
33 (6.1%) |
34 ± 11.5 |
HT: 33 |
meniscus: 14 |
TAS: 4.4 ± 2.3 |
| Marigi et al., 2023 |
cohort |
344 (45.6%) |
26 (11-59)‡ |
Autograft: 298, Allograft: 46 |
NR |
NR |
| Marty-Diloy et al., 2025 |
cohort |
488 (37.3%) |
27.6 ± 10.9 |
HT: 488 |
meniscus: 301 |
TAS: 7.1 ± 0.9 |
| Moksnes et al., 2009 |
cohort |
50 (100%) |
25.9 ± 8.2 |
BPTP: 10, HT: 40 |
meniscus: 27, cartilage: 6 |
level I or II |
| Müller et al., 2015 |
cohort |
39 (46.2%) |
31.7 ± 10.32 |
HT: 39 |
0 |
level I or level II |
| Nawasreh et al., 2018 |
cohort |
95 (33.7%) |
27.6 ± 10.5 |
Autograft: 36, Allograft: 59 |
0 |
level I or II |
| Niederer et al., 2024 |
cohort |
88 (47.7%) |
25 ± 5 |
BPTP: 88 |
NR |
TAS: 5.7 |
| Niederer et al., 2025 |
cohort |
138 (41.3%) |
25.6 ± 5.1 |
HT: 124, QT: 14 |
NR |
TAS: 3-10 |
| Novaretti et al., 2018 |
cohort |
58 (19.0%) |
34.5 ± 11.3 |
NR |
NR |
TAS: ≥ 5 |
| Nyland et al., 2025 |
cohort |
204 (47.1%) |
19.7 ± 6 |
NR |
NR |
NR |
| Ohji et al., 2024 |
cross-sectional |
65 (46.2%) |
21.0 (5.0)§ |
HT: 65 |
meniscus: 51 |
TAS: 7.8 ± 1.2 |
| Ohji et al., 2021a |
cross-sectional |
44 (43.2%) |
23.0 (13.0)§ |
BPTP: 4, HT: 40 |
meniscus: 32 |
TAS: 8.0 (2.0)§ |
| Ohji et al., 2021b |
cross-sectional |
73 (42.5%) |
21.0 (6.0)§ |
BPTP: 6, HT: 67 |
meniscus: 54 |
TAS: 7.8 ± 1.2 |
| Paterno et al., 2022 |
cohort |
159 (70.4%) |
17.2 ± 2.6 |
BPTP: 59, HT: 86, Allograft: 14 |
meniscus: 84 |
level I or II |
| Paterno et al., 2025 |
cohort |
51 (64.7%) |
15.6 ± 2.2 |
HT: 42, BPTP: 9 |
NR |
level I or II |
| Piussi et al., 2023 |
cohort |
419 (48.9%) |
23.9 ± 7.5 |
BPTP: 53, HT: 331, Others: 5 |
0 |
TAS: 8.43 |
| Senorski et al., 2017 |
cohort |
157 (49.0%) |
22.4 ± 4.0 |
NR |
NR |
TAS: ≥ 6 |
| Simonsson et al., 2024 |
cohort |
233 (51.1%) |
20.5 ± 4.0 |
HT: 184, BPTP: 44, Other: 5 |
NR |
TAS ≥ 6 |
| Toole et al., 2017 |
cohort |
115 (23.5%) |
17.1 ± 2.5 |
BPTP:50, HT: 57, Allograft: 8 |
NR |
TAS: 8.34 ± 1.54 |
| Ueda et al., 2022 |
cross-sectional |
144 (43.1%) |
25.8 ± 11.9 |
BPTP: 6, HT: 138 |
meniscus: 104, cartilage: 8 |
TAS: 7.6 ± 1.4 |
| van Melick et al., 2022 |
cohort |
175 (29.7%) |
24 ± 6 |
HT: 123 |
meniscus: 80, cartilage: 46 |
TAS: 8.1 ± 1.0 |
| Webster et al., 2017 |
cohort |
2570 (35.3%) |
28.1 ± 10 |
HT: 2570 |
NR |
level I or II |
| Webster et al., 2018 |
cross-sectional |
1440 (31.1%) |
26 (12-55)‡ |
BPTP: 8, HT: 1414, Synthetic graft: 18 |
NR |
Cincinnati Sports Activity Scale ≥ 85 |
| Webster et al., 2019a |
cohort |
329 (39.2%) |
17.2 ± 2 |
HT: 323 |
meniscus: 186, cartilage: 35 |
NR |
| Webster et al., 2019b |
cohort |
222 (40.5%) |
25.8 ± 9.0 |
BPTP: 4, HT: 218 |
NR |
Marx activity level: 13 (6-16)‡ |
| Webster et al., 2020 |
cohort |
450 (39.1%) |
24 ± 7 |
BPTP: 12, HT: 391, QT: 47 |
meniscus: 272, cartilage: 101 |
level I |
| Welling et al., 2020 |
cohort |
64 (31.3%) |
22.8 ± 8.7 |
BPTP: 19, HT: 45 |
NR |
competitive, pivoting sports |
| Zsidai et al., 2026 |
cohort |
344 (100%) |
21.4 ± 4.9 |
HT: 249, BPTP: 65, Allograft: 2 |
meniscus: 143 |
TAS: 6-10 |
|
NR: not reported; HT: hamstring tendon autograft; BPTB: bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft; QT: quadriceps tendon autograft; TAS: Tegner Activity Scale; IKDC: International Knee Documentation Committee. |
‡ median (95% confidence interval); |
§ median (interquartile range). |
|