Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the study group.
Variable Elite (n = 15) Amateur (n = 15) p Hedges’ g
Age, years 21.07 ± 1.49 21.93 ± 2.09 0.201 -0.47
Height, cm 178.55 ± 4.52 179.86 ± 6.80 0.521 -0.18
Body mass, kg 76.33 ± 5.27 77.53 ± 4.80 0.520 -0.23
Training experience, years 6.20 ± 1.08 3.17 ± 1.12 < 0.001 2.49
Training volume, h/week 10.27 ± 1.28 5.93 ± 1.22 < 0.001 2.92
Values are presented as mean ± SD. Between-group comparisons were performed using independent-samples t tests. Effect sizes are reported as Hedges’ g, calculated as elite group minus amateur group. Positive values indicate higher values in the elite group, whereas negative values indicate higher values in the amateur group.